Kip S. Thorne,
Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy
. New York: W.W. Norton, 1994, p. 23.
Thorne,
Black Holes and Time Warps
, p. 23.
John Taylor,
Black Holes: The End of the Universe?
London: Souvenir, 1998, p. 1.
Mitchell Begelman and Martin Rees,
Gravity's Fatal Attraction: Black Holes in the Universe
. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1995, p. 19.
Begelman and Rees,
Gravity's Fatal Attraction
, pp. 19–21.
Chapter 1: Gravity and Early Predictions of Black Holes
6. Thomas T. Arny,
Explorations: An Introduction to Astronomy
. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001, p. 405.
7. John Gribbin,
In Search of the Edge of Time: Black Holes, White Holes, and Wormholes
. New York: Penguin, 1999, p. 9.
8. Isaac Asimov,
The Collapsing Universe
, 1977; reprint, New York: Walker, 1989, pp. 44, 46.
9. John Michell, "On the Means of Discovering the Distance,
Magnitude, etc., of the Fixed Stars,"
Philosophical Transaction of the Royal Society of London
, vol. 74, 1784, p. 35.
10. Quoted in Gribbin,
In Search of the Edge of Time
, p. 21.
11. Arny,
Explorations
, p. 404.
12. Asimov,
Collapsing Universe
, p. 94.
13. John A. Wheeler,
A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime
. New York: W.H. Freeman, 1990, p. 3.
Chapter 2: Dying Stars and the Formation of Black Holes
14. Asimov,
Collapsing Universe
, pp. 198–99.
15. Asimov,
Collapsing Universe
, p. 200.
16. Begelman and Rees,
Gravity's Fatal Attraction
, p. 15.
17. Begelman and Rees,
Gravity's Fatal Attraction
, p. 15.
18. Asimov,
Collapsing Universe
, p. 84.
19. Begelman and Rees,
Gravity's Fatal Attraction
, p. 32.
20. Herbert Friedman,
The Astronomer's Universe: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmos
. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998, p. 195.
21. Gribbin,
In Search of the Edge of Time
, p. 74.
Chapter 3: Properties and Potential Uses of Black Holes
22. Gribbin,
In Search of the Edge of Time
, p. 130.
23. Arny,
Explorations
, p. 70.
24. Asimov,
Collapsing Universe
, p. 217.
25. Thorne,
Black Holes and Time Warps
, p. 291.
26. Thorne,
Black Holes and Time Warps
, pp. 349–50.
27. Gribbin,
In Search of the Edge of Time
, p. 149.
28. Taylor,
Black Holes
, p. 87.
29. Asimov,
Collapsing Universe
, p. 205.
Chapter 4: Detecting Black Holes Through Indirect Means
30. Friedman,
Astronomer's Universe
, p. 80.
31. Gribbin,
In Search of the Edge of Time
, p. 106.
32. Friedman,
Astronomer's Universe
, p. 219.
33. Begelman and Rees,
Gravity's Fatal Attraction
, p. 71.
34. William Keel, "Quasars Explained,"
Astronomy
, February 2003, p. 37.
35. Mark A. Garlick, "Quasars Next Door,"
Astronomy
, July 2001, pp. 35–36.
Chapter 5: Giant Black Holes and the Fate of the Universe
36. Asimov,
Collapsing Universe
, p. 190.
37. Quoted in Vanessa Thomas, "Dark Heart of a Globular,"
Astronomy
, January 2003, p. 32.
38. Robert Zimmerman, "Heart of Darkness,"
Astronomy
, October 2001, pp. 43–44.
39. Zimmerman, "Heart of Darkness," p. 46.
40. Keel, "Quasars Explained," p. 40.
41. Keel, "Quasars Explained," p. 40.
42. Steve Nadis, "Here, There, and Everywhere?"
Astronomy
, February 2001, p. 34.
43. Asimov,
Collapsing Universe
, pp. 191–92.
44. Quoted in Nadis, "Here, There, and Everywhere?" p. 37.
45. Taylor,
Black Holes
, p. 182.
Chapter 6: Can Black Holes Be Used as Cosmic Gateways?
46. Thorne,
Black Holes and Time Warps
, p. 490.
47. Gribbin,
In Search of the Edge of Time
, p. 152.
48. Gribbin,
In Search of the Edge of Time
, p. 163.
49. Carl Sagan,
Contact
. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985, pp. 347–48.
50. Sagan,
Contact
, p. 347.
51. Thorne,
Black Holes and Time Warps
, pp. 488, 490–92.
52. Begelman and Rees,
Gravity's Fatal Attraction
, p. 235.
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